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Standard 5: Science
STANDARD 5.1 (SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES) ALL STUDENTS WILL DEVELOP PROBLEM-SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING AND INQUIRY SKILLS, REFLECTED BY FORMULATING USABLE QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES, PLANNING EXPERIMENTS, CONDUCTING SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS, INTERPRETING AND ANALYZING DATA, DRAWING CONCLUSIONS, AND COMMUNICATING RESULTS. Descriptive Statement: Students best learn science by doing science. Science is not merely a collection of facts and theories but a process, a way of thinking about and investigating the world in which we live. This standard addresses those skills that are used by scientists as they discover and explain the physical universe-skills that are an essential and ongoing part of learning science.
Cumulative Progress Indicators Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Habits of Mind 2. Assess the risks and benefits associated with alternative solutions. 3. Engage in collaboration, peer review, and accurate reporting of findings. 4. Explore cases that demonstrate the interdisciplinary nature of the scientific enterprise.
B. Inquiry and Problem Solving 1. Select and use appropriate instrumentation to design and conduct investigations. 2. Show that experimental results can lead to new questions and further investigations.
C. Safety 1. Understand, evaluate and practice safe procedures for conducting science investigations.
STANDARD 5.2 (SCIENCE AND SOCIETY) ALL STUDENTS WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW PEOPLE OF VARIOUS CULTURES HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, AND HOW MAJOR DISCOVERIES AND EVENTS HAVE ADVANCED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Descriptive Statement: Science is a human endeavor involving successes and failures, trials and tribulations. Students should know that great numbers of people from many cultures have contributed to our understanding of science and that science has a rich and fascinating history. This standard encourages students to learn about the people and events that have shaped or revolutionized important scientific theories and concepts.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Cultural Contributions
B. Historical Perspectives 1. Examine the lives and contributions of important scientists who effected major breakthroughs in our understanding of the natural and designed world. 3. Describe the historical origin of important scientific developments such as atomic theory, genetics, plate tectonics, etc., showing how scientific theories develop, are tested, and can be replaced or modified in light of new information and improved investigative techniques.
STANDARD 5.3 (MATHEMATICAL APPLICATIONS) ALL STUDENTS WILL INTEGRATE MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL FOR PROBLEM-SOLVING IN SCIENCE, AND AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSING AND/OR MODELING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES.
Descriptive Statement: Science cannot be practiced or learned without appreciation of the role of mathematics in discovering and expressing natural laws. This standard recognizes the need for students to fully integrate mathematics skills with their learning of science.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Numerical Operations 1. Reinforce indicators from previous grade level.
B. Geometry and Measurement 1. When performing mathematical operations with measured quantities, express answers to reflect the degree of precision and accuracy of the input data. C. Patterns and Algebra 1. Apply mathematical models that describe physical phenomena to predict real world events.
D. Data Analysis and Probability 1. Construct and interpret graphs of data to represent inverse and non-linear relationships, and statistical distributions.
STANDARD 5.4 (NATURE AND PROCESS OF TECHNOLOGY) ALL STUDENTS WILL UNDERSTAND THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOP A CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE AND PROCESS OF TECHNOLOGY.
Descriptive Statement: This standard focuses on developing students’ understanding of the interrelationship between science and technology. It introduces students to and expands their understanding of the nature of technology. In addition, it introduces and develops students’ abilities with technological design including experiences in predicting, decision making, critical thinking, and problem solving.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Science and Technology 1. Know that scientific inquiry is driven by the desire to understand the natural world and seeks to answer questions that may or may not directly influence humans, while technology is driven by the need to meet human needs and solve human problems.
B. Nature of Technology 1. Assess the impacts of introducing a new technology in terms of alternative solutions, costs, tradeoffs, risks, benefits and environmental impact.
C. Technological Design 1. Plan, develop, and implement a proposal to solve an authentic, technological problem.
STANDARD 5.5 (CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE) ALL STUDENTS WILL GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE, CHARACTERISTICS, AND BASIC NEEDS OF ORGANISMS AND WILL INVESTIGATE THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE.
Descriptive Statement: The study of science must include the diversity, complexity, and interdependence of life on Earth. Students should know how organisms evolve, reproduce, and adapt to their environments.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Matter, Energy and Organization in Living Systems 1. Relate the structure of molecules to their function in cellular structure and metabolism. 2. Explain how plants convert light energy to chemical energy. 3. Describe how plants produce substances high in energy content that become the primary source of energy for life. 4. Relate disease in humans and other organisms to infections or intrinsic failures of system.
B. Diversity and Biological Evolution 1. Explain that through evolution the Earth's present species developed from earlier distinctly different species. 2. Explain how the theory of natural selection accounts for extinction as well as an increase in the proportion of individuals with advantageous characteristics within a species.
C. Reproduction and Heredity 1. Describe how information is encoded and transmitted in genetic material. 3. Assess the impact of current and emerging technologies on our understanding of inherited human characteristics.
STANDARD 5.6 (CHEMISTRY) ALL STUDENTS WILL GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF MATTER.
Descriptive Statement: Exploring the nature of matter and energy is essential to an understanding of the physical universe. This standard leads students from their experiences with the states and properties of matter to the development of models of the atom and the underlying principles of chemistry.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will: A. Structure and Properties of Matter 1. Know that atoms are made of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons and that the nucleus, a tiny fraction of the volume of an atom, is composed of protons and neutrons, each almost 2,000 times more massive than an electron.. 2. Know that the number of protons in the nucleus defines the element. 3. Know that an atom’s electron arrangement, particularly the outermost electrons, determines how the atom can interact with other atoms. 4. Explain that atoms form bonds (ionic and covalent) with other atoms by transferring or sharing electrons. 5. Explain how the Periodic Table of Elements reflects the relationship between the properties of elements and their atomic structure. 6. Know that many biological, chemical and physical phenomena can be explained by changes in the arrangement and motion of atoms and molecules. 7. Recognize that the properties of matter are related to the structure and arrangement of their molecules and atoms, such as in metallic and nonmetallic crystals and carbon compounds. 8. Know that different levels of energy of an atom are associated with different configurations of its electrons. B. Chemical Reactions 1. Explain that the rate of reactions among atoms and molecules depends on how often they encounter one another and that the rate is affected by nature of reactants, concentration, pressure, temperature, and the presence of a catalyst. 2. Show that some changes in chemical bonds require a net input or net release of energy.
STANDARD 5.7 (PHYSICS) ALL STUDENTS WILL GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LAWS AS THEY APPLY TO MOTION, FORCES, AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS.
Descriptive Statement: Basic principles of physics emerge in this standard, where the study of force and motion leads students to the concept of energy. All forms of energy are introduced and investigated, and principles of transformation and laws of conservation are developed.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Motion and Forces 1. Apply the mathematical relationship between the mass of an object, the net force exerted on it, and the resulting acceleration. 2. Explain that whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal and opposite force is exerted on the first object. 3. Recognize gravity as a universal force of attraction between masses and that the force is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 4. Recognize that electrically charged bodies can attract or repel each other with a force that depends upon the size and nature of the charges and the distance between them and know that electric forces play an important role in explaining the structure and properties of matter. 5. Know that there are strong forces that hold the nucleus of an atom together and that significant amounts of energy can be released in nuclear reactions (fission, fusion, and nuclear decay) when these binding forces are disrupted. 6. Explain how electromagnetic, gravitational, and nuclear forces can be used to produce energy by causing chemical, physical, or nuclear changes and relate the amount of energy produced to the nature and relative strength of the force. 7. Demonstrate that moving electric charges can produce magnetic forces and moving magnets can produce electric forces. 8. Recognize that magnetic and electrical forces are different aspects of a single electromagnetic force.
B. Energy Transformations 1. Explain how the various forms of energy (heat, electricity, sound, light) move through materials and identify the factors that affect that movement. 2. Explain that while energy can be transformed from one form to another, the total energy of a closed system is constant. 3. Recognize that whenever mechanical energy is transformed, some heat is dissipated and is therefore unavailable for use. 4. Explain the nature of electromagnetic radiation and compare the components of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays.
STANDARD 5.8 (EARTH SCIENCE) ALL STUDENTS WILL GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE, DYNAMICS, AND GEOPHYSICAL SYSTEMS OF THE EARTH.
Descriptive Statement: The study of science should include a study of the planet Earth and its relationship to the rest of the universe. This standard describes what students should know about the composition of the Earth and the forces that shape it.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Earth’s Properties and Materials 1. Explain the interrelationship of the geosphere, hydrosphere, and the atmosphere.
B. Atmosphere and Water
C. Processes that Shape the Earth 2. Know that Earth is a system in which chemical elements exist in fixed amounts and move through the solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and living things as part of geochemical cycles. 3. Recognize that the evolution of life on Earth has changed the composition of Earth’s atmosphere through time.
D. How We Study the Earth 1. Analyze the evidence produced by a variety of techniques that is used to understand changes in the Earth that have occurred over time. · topography · fossils · rock stratification · ice cores · radiometric data
STANDARD 5.9 (ASTRONOMY and SPACE SCIENCE) ALL STUDENTS WILL GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ORIGIN, EVOLUTION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
Descriptive Statement: The study of science should include a study of the planet Earth and its relationship to the rest of the universe. This standard describes what students should know about astronomy and space science.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Earth, Moon, Sun System Reinforce indicators from previous grade level.
B. Solar System 1. Explain that our solar system coalesced from a nebular cloud of gas and dust left from exploding stars.
C. Stars 1. Describe the physical characteristics, stages of development, and the apparent motions of stars.
D. Galaxies and Universe 1. Describe data gathering and observation technologies and explain how they are used to explore the solar system and beyond. 2. Cite evidence to describe the scientific theory of the origin of the universe and the current explanations of its evolution.
STANDARD 5.10 (ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES) ALL STUDENTS WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ENVIRONMENT AS A SYSTEM OF INTERDEPENDENT COMPONENTS AFFECTED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY AND NATURAL PHENOMENA.
Descriptive Statement: Creating an awareness of the need to protect, conserve, and preserve natural resources is a goal of science education. This standard calls for students to develop knowledge of environmental issues, including management of natural resources, production and use of energy, waste management, and the interdependence of ecosystems.
Cumulative Progress Indicators
Building upon knowledge and skills gained in preceding grades, by the end of Grade 12, students will:
A. Natural Systems and Interactions · threatened and endangered species
B. Human Interactions and Impact 1. Assess the impact of human activities on the cycling of matter and the flow of energy through ecosystems. 2. Use scientific, economic, and other data to assess environmental risks and benefits associated with societal activity.
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